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Osama bin Laden, a militant Islamist and reported founder al-Qaeda,〔Michael Scheuer, ''Through Our Enemies' Eyes'', p. 110〕 in conjunction with several other Islamic militant leaders, issued two fatawa — in 1996 and then again in 1998—that military personnel from the United States and allied countries until they withdraw support for Israel and withdraw military forces from Islamic countries.〔(BIN LADEN'S FATWA )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Online NewsHour: Al Qaeda's 1998 Fatwa )〕 He was indicted in United States federal court for his alleged involvement in the 1998 U.S. embassy bombings in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and Nairobi, Kenya, and was on the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation's Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list until his Although bin Laden was never indicted for the September 11, 2001 attacks, he had claimed responsibility for them in videos released to the public. ==Jihad in Afghanistan== Bin Laden's wealth and connections assisted his interest in supporting the mujahideen, Muslim guerrillas fighting the Soviet Union in Afghanistan following the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. His old teacher from the university in Jeddah, Abdullah Azzam, had relocated to Peshawar, a major border city in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. From there, Azzam was able to organize resistance directly on the Afghan frontier. Peshawar is only east of the Khyber Pass, through the Safed Koh mountains, connected to the southeastern edge of the Hindu Kush range. This route became the major avenue of inserting foreign fighters and material support into eastern Afghanistan for the resistance against the Soviets. After leaving college in 1979 bin Laden joined Azzam〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Osama bin Laden: "Wealthy Saudi exile is a terrorist mastermind" )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=YOUNG OSAMA )〕 to fight the Soviet Invasion and lived for a time in Peshawar. According to Rahimullah Yousufzai, "Azzam prevailed on him to come and use his money" for training recruits.〔Rahimullah Yusufzai, executive editor of the English-language daily (The News International ), in a statement to Reuters in Peshawar on 29 December 2001. Yusufzai met bin Laden twice in Afghanistan in 1998.〕 In the early 1980s, bin Laden lived at several addresses in and around Arbab Road, a narrow street in the University Town neighborhood in western Peshawar, Yusufzai said. Nearby in Gulshan Iqbal Road is the Arab mosque that Abdullah Azzam used as the jihad center, according to a Reuters inquiry in the neighborhood. By 1984, with Azzam, bin Laden established a Saudi Arabian funded organization named Maktab al-Khadamat (MAK, ''Office of Order'' in English), which funneled money, arms and Muslim fighters from around the Arabic world into the Afghan war. Through al-Khadamat, bin Laden's inherited family fortune〔Lawrence Wright estimates his "share of the Saudi Binladin Group" in about fall 1989 as "amounted to 27 million Saudi riyals - a little more than ()$ 7 million." Wright, (2006), p.145)〕 paid for air tickets and accommodation, dealt with paperwork with Pakistani authorities and provided other such services for the jihad fighters. In running al-Khadamat, bin Laden set up a network of couriers traveling between Afghanistan and Peshawar, which remained active after 2001, according to Rahimullah Yusufzai. It was during this time that Bin Laden met his future al-Qaeda collaborator, Dr. Ayman al-Zawahiri, a member and later head of the Egyptian Islamic Jihad. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Militant activity of Osama bin Laden」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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